What Is Value-Based Care (VBC) and Why Does It Matter to Digital Health Startups?
Value-Based Care (VBC) is a healthcare delivery model where providers are paid based on patient health outcomes rather than the volume of services. In this article we’ll dive into VBC and why it matters to health tech startups.
If you’ve been working in healthcare for any amount of time, you’ve heard of value-based care (VBC). That’s because this concept is fundamentally shifting our industry, finally steering us away from the traditional fee-for-service (FFS) model— where we pay providers for the volume of tests and procedures provided— towards a focus on patient outcomes and efficiency.
Value-based care has evolved from a policy experiment into one of the most important business models in healthcare. Today, millions of Americans receive care through value-based arrangements, and some of the largest healthcare companies, including insurers, provider groups, and digital health startups, are built around the premise that providers should be rewarded for outcomes rather than volume.
In this article, I cover:
What is value-based care?
Does value-based care really work?
From volume to value: VBC is growing
Value-based care startups
What’s next for value-based care and digital health
Let’s dive in.
What is value-based care?
The term VBC was introduced by business school professors Michael Porter and Elizabeth Teisberg in their 2006 book Redefining Health Care.
VBC is a term for any healthcare delivery and payment model where the payment aligns provider incentives to quality or care cost-reduction. Under VBC agreements, providers are rewarded for helping patients improve their health, reduce the incidence and severity of chronic disease, and live healthier lives. This model contrasts with the traditional FFS approach, where providers are paid based on the number of healthcare services they deliver, such as tests and procedures, regardless of patient outcomes.
Does value-based care really work?
Studies of VBC programs so far suggest that they can reduce costs and improve quality of care, although results have often been mixed.
Humana, which offers value-based programs for Medicare Advantage patients, released a report finding that:
VBC patients spend more time with their physicians than their non-value-based counterparts.
VBC patients have better care outcomes than their non-value-based counterparts.
Physicians working under VBC models are also more empowered and better positioned to coordinate patient care and prioritize outcomes over service quantity.
VBC patients have 30.1% fewer hospital admissions compared to original Medicare beneficiaries.
VBC patients have 23.2% cost savings compared to original Medicare, averaging $527 in savings annually per patient.
On the other hand, a Congressional Budget Office testimony suggested that alternative payment models have not had a significant impact on the federal healthcare spending slowdown, but that the creation of the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation (CMMI), which develops and tests new healthcare payment and service delivery models, may have led to broader system wide changes that have helped slow down healthcare spending.
Still, the healthcare industry has largely been bullish on VBC, because the status quo hasn’t worked. We pay more for healthcare than every other developed nation, yet we have a lower life expectancy, spend more of our lives sick, and have the highest rate of avoidable deaths.
The healthcare industry has largely been bullish on VBC, because the status quo hasn’t worked. We pay more for healthcare than every other developed nation yet we have a lower life expectancy, spend more of our lives sick, and have the highest rate of avoidable deaths.
The legacy FFS model in healthcare ties reimbursements directly to the quantity of services provided. This approach often leads to an increased focus on performing numerous high-tech procedures and maximizing hospital occupancy, contributing to escalating healthcare costs without necessarily enhancing patient outcomes.
VBC hopes to shift the focus (and incentives) to the quality and efficacy of the care delivered, tying reimbursement to patient outcomes. This model motivates healthcare organizations to prioritize high-quality care, as it rewards positive outcomes and, conversely, can impose penalties for poor outcomes, heightened costs, and medical errors.
Simply put, VBC aligns financial incentives with the goal of delivering better patient care.
From volume to value: VBC is growing
The Health Care Payment Learning & Action Network (HCPLAN) estimates that VBC adoption nearly doubled from 2015 to 2021. And as of 2023, 61.6% of payments were tied to quality or value.
More recently, value-based care has continued to gain traction among providers. According to a 2025 Commonwealth Fund survey, more than half of U.S. primary care physicians reported receiving value-based payments. Adoption was highest among physicians working in community health centers, while rural and smaller practices were less likely to participate in value-based arrangements, highlighting both the momentum behind VBC and the challenges that remain in scaling these models across the healthcare system.
According to a McKinsey report, growth in VBC may accelerate from creating approximately $500 billion in enterprise value today to $1 trillion as the landscape matures.
Value-based care startups
Advances in data infrastructure, interoperability, automation, and increasingly AI are making value-based care easier to execute at scale. Digital health tools can help with everything from patient engagement to population health management. There’s an enormous opportunity for founders to help build the future of VBC. Here are some of the roles startups can play in this space:
VBC enablement
VBC enablement products— including tools for physician enablement, population health management, cash flow modeling, quality reporting, measurement-based care (MBC), and more— can streamline patient care coordination and optimize resource allocation.
VBC bridge builders
Because VBC contracts between multiple parties can be complex to execute, enablement solutions can support value-based collaboration, help manage onboarding, monitor outcomes, manage downstream distribution of funds, enable permissioned data sharing, and execute contracts and other time-consuming administrative tasks.
Tech-enabled VBC providers
Startups can also be tech-enabled VBC providers themselves. By leveraging software and patient-centric care models, startups can directly engage in delivering value-based care, focusing on preventative measures and personalized treatment plans. Their agility and tech-driven approach can enable them to quickly adapt to changing healthcare landscapes and effectively managing patient health outcomes while controlling costs. =
Specialty value-based care
One of the biggest developments in recent years has been the growth of specialty-focused value-based care companies. Rather than focusing on primary care, these startups help manage high-cost conditions such as kidney disease, cancer, and complex chronic illnesses.
Read more in Meet 10 of the Largest Value-Based Care Startups
CMS is expanding VBC through the ACCESS model
One of the most significant recent developments in value-based care is the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Innovation Center's launch of the ACCESS (Advancing Chronic Care with Effective, Scalable Solutions) Model.
The model is designed to expand access to technology-supported care for people with chronic conditions such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic musculoskeletal pain, and depression. According to CMS, more than two-thirds of Medicare beneficiaries live with at least one chronic condition, yet Medicare payment structures have historically made it difficult for providers to offer many technology-enabled services designed to help patients manage their health between office visits.
Through ACCESS, CMS will test a new outcome-aligned payment approach that allows healthcare organizations to deliver technology-supported chronic care services while being rewarded based on patient outcomes rather than the volume of activities performed.
For digital health startups, this is an important signal. Historically, many digital health companies have struggled because reimbursement systems were designed around in-person visits and traditional healthcare services. ACCESS represents a meaningful step toward creating payment models that recognize the value of remote monitoring, behavior change programs, virtual care, patient engagement tools, and other technology-enabled approaches to chronic disease management.
More broadly, ACCESS demonstrates that CMS continues to move healthcare toward models that reward improved outcomes rather than increased utilization. As payment models evolve, startups that can measurably improve chronic disease outcomes may find new opportunities to partner with providers, payers, and healthcare organizations participating in value-based care arrangements.
What’s next for value-based care and digital health
The concept of value-based care aligns perfectly with the objectives of digital health— to utilize technology to improve patient outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
As more healthcare providers and payers shift to VBC models, there is a growing market for tools that help track, analyze, and improve patient outcomes. Digital health startups can develop tools for data analytics, patient monitoring, personalized health interventions, and more, all of which are critical in a VBC setting.
And because VBC models encourage (and frankly require) collaboration across the healthcare spectrum, startups have the opportunity to collaborate with healthcare stakeholders to develop solutions that fit within VBC frameworks.
While early value-based care efforts focused primarily on primary care, the model is increasingly expanding into specialty areas such as kidney care, oncology, cardiology, and behavioral health. At the same time, new initiatives like CMS's ACCESS Model are creating reimbursement pathways for technology-enabled approaches to chronic disease management. Together, these trends suggest that value-based care is evolving from a payment reform movement into a broader platform for healthcare innovation.
Value-based care glossary
VBC is the overarching concept of designing care models to focus on quality, provider performance, and the patient experience. There are a lot of fancy terms and acronyms thrown around in this space, so let’s go over them. Note that a lot of these definitions sound similar, and that’s because they are.
Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs)
ACOs are networks of providers and hospitals that share responsibility for providing coordinated care to patients. They aim to reduce healthcare costs while improving quality, with providers jointly accountable for the health outcomes of their patients. ACOs are often associated with Medicare due to the significant role of the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) in promoting the ACO model.
ACO REACH (Accountable Care Organization Realizing Equity, Access, and Community Health)
A CMS Innovation Center model that allows participating organizations to take accountability for the total cost and quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries. The program places a greater emphasis on health equity and population health management than previous CMS accountable care models.
Alternative Payment Models (APMs)
Alternative Payment Models refer to any payment approach that incentivizes quality and cost-efficient care, rather than the traditional fee-for-service model. APMs focus on providing financial incentives to healthcare providers for managing the health of their patients and aligning payment systems with improved health outcomes.
Attribution
Attribution is the process used to determine which patients are assigned to a provider, ACO, or value-based organization for purposes of measuring quality, outcomes, and financial performance.
Bundled Payments
Any model involving a single, consolidated payment for all services provided during an episode of care. Bundled payments encourage healthcare providers to offer efficient, coordinated treatment. This is also sometimes called an Episode Payment Model by The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).
Care Coordination
Care Coordination refers to the deliberate organization of patient care activities and sharing of information across multiple healthcare providers. Care coordination can ensure that healthcare services are delivered in a comprehensive and seamless manner.
Capitation
Capitation, or pre-payment, is when healthcare providers receive an upfront, fixed, per-patient payment to cover a specified period of care. This model incentivizes providers to offer comprehensive and preventive care to avoid unnecessary services.
Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation (CMMI)
CMMI, established by the Affordable Care Act, is tasked with developing and testing innovative healthcare payment and service delivery models. Its mission is to reduce costs in Medicare, Medicaid, and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), while enhancing the quality of care for beneficiaries. CMMI plays a pivotal role in fostering healthcare transformation by encouraging the adoption of models that promote patient-centered, cost-effective care.
Downside Risk
Downside risk occurs when providers are financially responsible for spending that exceeds a predetermined benchmark. In exchange for accepting downside risk, providers often have greater opportunities to share in savings when costs are reduced and quality targets are achieved.
Hierarchical Condition Categories (HCCs)
HCCs are a risk-adjustment methodology used by CMS to estimate expected healthcare costs based on patient diagnoses and demographics. Accurate HCC coding plays a significant role in many Medicare Advantage and value-based care payment models.
Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP)
MSSP is a key component of the U.S. government's efforts to transition towards value-based care. Under this initiative, providers come together to form ACOs with the goal of delivering high-quality service and care. If they achieve improved patient care and reduce healthcare costs below established benchmarks, these ACOs are eligible to share in the savings they generate for the Medicare program.
Population-Based Payments (PBP)
Population-based payments are a value-based payment providing healthcare providers with a pre-set budget to manage the health needs of a defined population. It encourages a focus on preventive care and efficient management of chronic conditions.
Risk Adjustment
Risk adjustment is the process of accounting for differences in patient health status when calculating payments, benchmarks, and performance. By adjusting for patient complexity, VBC programs aim to ensure providers caring for sicker populations are compensated appropriately.
Risk Arrangements
Risk arrangements are when a provider is held financially responsible for the quality and cost of care delivered to beneficiaries. This can include downside risk or shared savings. Risk arrangements incentivizes providers to improve quality and lower costs through strategies like care coordination and more preventive care.
Shared Savings
In shared savings models (a form of a risk arrangement), providers are rewarded for reducing healthcare spending for a defined patient group below a benchmark level while meeting quality standards, sharing in the savings generated.
Patient-Centered Medical Homes (PCMHs)
Patient-Centered Medical Homes are a model of primary care that is patient-centric, comprehensive, team-based, coordinated, and culturally-appropriate. PCMHs foster partnerships between individual patients, their personal providers, and when appropriate, the patient’s family, ensuring that care is provided in a respectful and responsive manner to the individual patient’s needs and preferences.
Pay-for-Performance
Pay-for-performance models, also known as value-based payments, compensate providers based on meeting specific performance benchmarks, such as patient outcomes and service quality, incentivizing high-quality, efficient care delivery.
Pay-for-Quality
The Pay-for-quality (P4Q) model rewards healthcare providers for meeting certain quality metrics, focusing on the effectiveness and patient-centered nature of care, rather than the quantity of services rendered.
Payvider
Payviders are healthcare organizations (e.g. Kaiser Permanente) that are both a payer and a healthcare provider, offering both insurance coverage and care to patients.
